How I diagnose and treat neutropenia

Purpose of review Neutropenia absolute neutrophil count (ANC) less than 1.5 × 109/l is a common hematological finding, and severe neutropenia, that is, ANC less than 0.5 × 109/l is a well known risk factor for susceptibility to bacterial infections. This review provides a succinct clinical approach to the diagnosis and treatment of neutropenia with specific recommendations on the treatment of severe chronic neutropenia with the myeloid growth factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Recent findings Experts agree that patients with acute febrile neutropenia should be treated with antibiotics and that patients at high risk of severe neutropenia (>20% risk) after myelosuppressive chemotherapy should be treated prophylactically with a myeloid growth factor, usually G-CSF. The diversity of causes and consequences of chronic neutropenia make the diagnosis and management of these patients more complicated. Summary The review provides a stepwise approach to neutropenia focusing first on reaching a provisional diagnosis and treatment plan then steps to a final diagnosis. It also provides specific recommendations on the treatment of severe chronic neutropenia with G-CSF.