[Annual review of bronchiectasis in 2021].

Bronchiectasis, a common chronic respiratory disease, is characterized by irreversible and abnormal bronchial dilatation due to multiple causes. In 2021, a series of significant research progress have been made in bronchiectasis, focusing on the mechanism, diagnosis, clinical phenotypes, treatment, comorbidities, etc. Several studies have shown that many mediators are involved in the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis, such as lipids, platelets, and respiratory microorganisms, providing new insights into the development of prevention and therapy targets of bronchiectasis. At the same time, an international expert consensus proposed radiological and clinical diagnosis criteria for inclusion of bronchiectasis patients in clinical trials. Moreover, the proposal of new phenotype, measurement tools and predictors on bronchiectasis, promote the process of individualized therapy for patients. Regarding the clinical trials on bronchiectasis, several important studies have been published, including tobramycin inhalation powder, airway clearance techniques, tiotropium bromide and so forth. In addition, researches on bronchiectasis comorbidities also have new findings. This review summarized the recent published literatures in order to help clinicians better understand bronchiectasis.支气管扩张症（简称支扩）是一种常见的慢性气道疾病，由各种原因导致的支气管不可逆及异常扩张。2021年支扩研究领域取得一系列重要进展，聚焦于机制研究、诊断、分型、治疗及合并症等。研究发现脂质、血小板、呼吸道微生物与支扩病情密切相关，为开发支扩的防治靶点提供了新见解。国际专家共识定义了纳入临床试验中支扩患者的影像学和临床诊断标准。新支扩表型的提出、评估工具的推广及预测因素的发现，推进了支扩个体化治疗的进程。支扩治疗相关的临床研究已发表，如吸入妥布霉素粉剂、气道廓清技术、噻托溴铵等。此外，支扩肺部合并症相关的研究亦有新发现。本文对最新发表的文献进行了归纳分析，以期对临床医生认识支扩有所裨益。.