硝化作用
硝酸盐
氨
生物膜
缺氧水域
亚硝酸盐
环境化学
废水
化学
污水处理
废物管理
活性污泥
环境工程
反硝化
环境科学
制浆造纸工业
氮气
细菌
生物
工程类
有机化学
遗传学
作者
Maryam Zulkifli,Hassimi Abu Hasan,Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah,Mohd Hafizuddin Muhamad
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115162
摘要
Extensive growth of industries leads to uncontrolled ammonia releases to environment. This can result in significant degradation of the aquatic ecology as well as significant health concerns for humans. Knowing the mechanism of ammonia elimination is the simplest approach to comprehending it. Ammonia has been commonly converted to less hazardous substances either in the form of nitrate or nitrogen gas. Ammonia has been converted into nitrite by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and further reduced to nitrate by nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in aerobic conditions. Denitrification takes place in an anoxic phase and nitrate is converted into nitrogen gas. It is challenging to remove ammonia by employing technologies that do not incur particularly high costs. Thus, this review paper is focused on biofilm reactors that utilize the nitrification process. Many research publications and patents on biofilm wastewater treatment have been published. However, only a tiny percentage of these projects are for full-scale applications, and the majority of the work was completed within the last few decades. The physicochemical approaches such as ammonia adsorption, coagulation-flocculation, and membrane separation, as well as conventional biological treatments including activated sludge, microalgae, and bacteria biofilm, are briefly addressed in this review paper. The effectiveness of biofilm reactors in removing ammonia was compared, and the microbes that effectively remove ammonia were thoroughly discussed. Overall, biofilm reactors can remove up to 99.7% ammonia from streams with a concentration in range of 16-900 mg/L. As many challenges were identified for ammonia removal using biofilm at a commercial scale, this study offers future perspectives on how to address the most pressing biofilm issues. This review may also improve our understanding of biofilm technologies for the removal of ammonia as well as polishing unit in wastewater treatment plants for the water reuse and recycling, supporting the circular economy concept.
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