Trimethylamine N-oxide in cardiovascular disease

Although traditional cardiovascular risk factors are well established and understood, mortality and morbidity in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains high.Exploring new pathophysiological pathways enables a better understanding of CVD at both the molecular and clinical levels.Gut microbiota as a potential modulator of CVD are the subject of extensive research.In recent years, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a biologically active molecule generated by the gut microbiota, has been widely tested in studies on various populations of patients.The ultimate TMAO levels depend on individual features and gut microbiota composition.Most of the research on TMAO has focused on atherosclerotic CVD and heart failure (HF).Studies conducted so far support the use of TMAO as a prognostic marker in CVD.Several studies describe diverse interventions aimed at reducing the concentration of TMAO and its harmful effects.This article summarizes the findings from research, discusses the major insights into TMAO metabolism and related pathophysiological processes, as well as indicates the directions for future research.