Effectiveness of washing in reducing lead concentrations of lettuce grown in urban garden soils

Abstract Urban gardeners contribute to sustainable cities and often take great care to limit exposure to soil contaminants like lead (Pb). Although best management practices (BMPs) like mulching to reduce soil splash can limit crop contamination, they may not eliminate all contamination for leafy greens, which trap soil particles. How effective is washing at removing Pb contamination from leafy greens when using BMPs? Are certain washing techniques more effective than others? We present results from two experiments addressing these questions. We grew lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) in homogenized high‐Pb (∼1,150 mg kg –1 ) and low‐Pb (∼90 mg kg –1 ) soils in Brooklyn, NY, and Ithaca, NY. Our results show that washing can remove 75–94% of Pb from lettuce, including that remaining after the use of contamination‐reducing BMPs. It was estimated that washing removed 97% of Pb deposited by splash, which is the dominant source of Pb, and removed 91% deposited by downward deposition. All washing techniques were effective at reducing Pb levels, with differences in effectiveness ranked as: commercial soak > vinegar soak > water soak (and water rinse not significantly different from vinegar or water soak). Washing crops grown in low‐Pb soils is also important. Without washing, lettuce grown in low‐Pb soil may still have Pb levels above the European Commission comparison value. We offer these empirical findings and recommendations in support of urban growers.