Bilingual and Multilingual Language Learning Strategies

Abstract Awareness of successful strategies used by learners in their path to L2 and L3 proficiency, both inside the classroom and on their own outside it, helps understand how multilingualism can be achieved. Successful use of strategies may compensate for the lack in education or insufficient exposure to one of the languages in family contexts. The chapter makes an overview of steps and operations that bi‐ and multilingual learners consciously or unconsciously take when acquiring language subsystems and skills. Strategies applied by children, adolescents, and adults are given separately, with a division into grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, receptive, and productive skills.