Nitrous oxide analgesia for rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A randomized controlled trial.

Although there is increasing emphasis on rehabilitation training after ligament reconstruction, little is known about the pain induced by the procedure itself. Procedural success may be limited by pain and anxiety. Nitrous oxide is widely used to alleviate procedural pain. However, few studies have been conducted to show the efficacy and safety of nitrous oxide for rehabilitation training. To explore the short-term efficacy and safety of nitrous oxide for acute pain elicited by rehabilitation training. A double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial was conducted in the department of rehabilitation medicine. People willing to participate in the trial and sign informed consent, ≥18 years old, who had acute pain (self-reported pain score ≥4) caused by rehabilitation training after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were recruited. Participants undergoing rehabilitation training were randomized to receive either 65 % nitrous oxide or 100 % oxygen. The primary outcome was the pain score. Secondary outcomes were sedation score, range of motion, vital signs, physician and participant satisfaction, acceptance, and side effects. 120 people were enrolled; 60 received nitrous oxide and 60 received oxygen. The nitrous oxide group had a significantly lower pain score than the placebo group (P < 0.001, median difference -3, 95 % CI -4 to -2, effect size η2 = 0.369) and sedation scores (P < 0.001, median difference 1, 95 % CI 1 to 1, η2 = 0.263) during the procedure. Both physician (P < 0.001) and participant (P < 0.001) satisfaction were significantly higher in the intervention group than the placebo group. Acceptance (willingness to use the same gas next time) differed between groups (P < 0.001). No serious side effects occurred. This study provides evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of self-administered nitrous oxide to reduce procedural pain during rehabilitation training after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.