Bio-organic fertilizer promoted phytoremediation using native plant leymus chinensis in heavy Metal(loid)s contaminated saline soil

Heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) contaminated saline soil appeared around the world, however, remediation regarding these collected from field conditions remains unknown. Native plants cultivation and bio-organic fertilizer (BOF) application were two efficient tools for soil amelioration. Herein, a pot experiment was conducted to examine the feasibility of a native plant (Leymus chinensis) for phytoremediation, and investigate the impacts of lignite based bio-organic fertilizer (LBOF) and manure based bio-organic fertilizer (MBOF) on phytoremediation of the soil contaminated by Pb, Cd, As, Zn, Cu, Ca2+, and SO42−. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of L. chinensis and highlighted the positive impacts of BOF according to the improved plant growth, HMs phytostabilization, salt removal, and soil properties. LBOF and MBOF changed soil microbiome to assist phytoremediation in addition to physiological modulation. Having enhanced fungal and bacterial richness respectively, LBOF and MBOF recruited various plant growth promoting rhizobacteria with different functions, and shifted microbial co-occurrence networks and keystone taxa towards these different but beneficial forms. Structural equation models comprehensively reveled the strategy discrepancy of LBOF and MBOF to regulate the plant biomass, HMs uptake, and soil salt. In summary, L. chinensis coupled with BOF, especially LBOF, was a effective strategy to remediate HMs contaminated saline soil.