Stochastic electrical, thermal, cooling, water, and hydrogen management of integrated energy systems considering energy storage systems and demand response programs

Energy hub (EH) is a multi-energy system that combines several energy sources to increase energy supply efficiency, flexibility, and reliability. In this paper, a stochastic two-step multi-objective optimization method is proposed for multi-EH planning that focuses on economic, environmental, and security concerns. In order to meet the demands for electricity, heating, cooling, hydrogen, natural gas, and water, the proposed model includes several components, such as nonrenewable and renewable energy sources, cogeneration units, converters, and storage systems. Also, price-based demand response programs are implemented to provide demand-side flexibility for EHs. The proposed multi-objective framework investigates the total cost of the system, average reserve index (ARI), emissions of the system, and energy not supplied (ENS), simultaneously. EHs categorize their objectives into main and secondary based on priority. Since the total cost is so important, it has been recognized as the primary objective that is minimized in the first step. Also, the emissions, ENS, and ARI are the secondary objectives that are optimized in the second step simultaneously. The proposed model's efficiency is evaluated using an 18-bus test network in both summer and winter seasons. The simulation results present that the proposed model improves the emission, ARI, and ENS by 47.78 %, 53.4 %, and 23.38 % in summer seasons, respectively. And also, the multi-objective framework improves the emission, ARI, and ENS by 45.66 %, 65.84 %, and 52.56 % in winter seasons, respectively.