Metal–organic framework and its composites modulate macrophage polarization in the treatment of inflammatory diseases

Metal–organic framework (MOF) is a periodic sexual network structure with large surface area and high porosity, which is assembled by inorganic nodes and organic ligands through coordinate covalent bond. MOFs have the advantages of controllable pore size and shape, large specific surface area, easy modification and more active sites. In addition, MOF based nanoenzymes display excellent enzyme catalytic activity due to their special structure and multiple exposed metal active sites, controlling the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells or the body, and thus regulating the polarization of macrophage. This article reviews the mechanism of MOF material regulating macrophage polarization and the function of macrophages with different phenotypes. By utilizing the excellent properties of MOFs and the advantages of combining them with bioactive materials, we have discovered their excellent applications in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Finally, we discussed the current challenges and prospects faced by MOF based composite materials. We expect that the research in this developing field will play a more important role in combating inflammatory diseases in the field of nanomedicine.