Hydrogen production, transportation, utilization, and storage: Recent advances towards sustainable energy

Indubitably, hydrogen demonstrates sterling properties as an energy carrier and is widely anticipated as the future resource for fuels and chemicals. Herein, an updated assessment of progress recorded on the production, transportation, utilization, and storage of hydrogen is examined. Firstly, the numerous routes for the production of hydrogen from renewable and non-renewable sources are systematically demystified. Subsequently, the transportation framework for hydrogen is discussed. Moreover, the industrial application of hydrogen is elucidated and the existing hydrogen storage systems are chronologically analyzed. From the review of the literature, photocatalytic water splitting technology is the most environmentally benign method available for H2 production. Additionally, underground hydrogen storage in a geologic porous medium offers the largest and most affordable storage capacity for H2 gas. Nonetheless, the compatibility of H2 with reservoir fluid in porous media and other safety concerns has to be adequately understood to avoid preventable losses. Finally, the key research gaps were highlighted and potential areas for future research are proffered.