[Clinical features of post-neurosurgical bacterial meningitis in children].

Objective: To understand the characteristics of bacterial meningitis after pediatric neurosurgical procedures. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study. From January 2016 to December 2022, 64 children diagnosed with post-neurosurgical bacterial meningitis based on positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture in Department of Neurosurgery of Shanghai Children's Medical Center were selected as the study population. The clinical characteristics, onset time, routine biochemical indexes of cerebrospinal fluid before anti infection treatment, bacteriology characteristics and sensitivity to antibiotics of bacteria cultured from cerebrospinal fluid were analyzed. Based on the CSF culture results, the patients were divided into the Gram-positive bacteria infection group and the Gram-negative bacteria infection group. The clinical characteristics of the two groups were compared using t-tests or Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, and chi-square tests. Results: There were 64 children,42 boys and 22 girls, with onset age of 0.83 (0.50, 1.75) years. Seventy cases of post-neurosurgical bacterial meningitis occurred in the 64 children, of which 15 cases (21%) in spring, 23 cases (33%) in summer, 19 cases (27%) in autumn, and 13 cases (19%) in winter. The time of onset was 3.5 (1.0, 10.0) months after surgery; 15 cases (21%) occurred within the first month after the surgery, and 55 cases (79%) occurred after the first month. There were 38 cases (59%) showing obvious abnormal clinical manifestations, fever 36 cases (56%), vomiting 11 cases (17%). Forty-eight cases (69%) were caused by Gram-positive bacteria, with Staphylococcus epidermidis 24 cases; 22 cases (31%) were caused by Gram-negative bacteria, with Acinetobacter baumannii the prominent pathogen 7 cases. The Gram-positive bacterial infection was more common in summer than the Gram-negative bacterial infection (20 cases (42%) vs. 3 cases (14%), χ2=5.37, P=0.020), while the Gram-negative bacterial infection was more in autumn and within the first month after surgery than the Gram-positive bacterial infection (11 cases (50%) vs. 8 cases (17%), 15 cases (67%) vs. 5 cases (33%), χ2=8.48, 9.02; P=0.004, 0.003). Gram-positive bacteria resistant to vancomycin and Acinetobacter baumannii resistant to polymyxin were not found. However, Acinetobacter baumannii showed only 45% (10/22) susceptibility to carbapenem antibiotics. Conclusions: The clinical presentation of post-neurosurgical bacterial meningitis in children is atypical. Gram-positive bacteria are the main pathogens causing post-neurosurgical bacterial meningitis; Gram-negative bacterial meningitis are more likely to occur in autumn and within the first month after surgery. Acinetobacter baumannii has a high resistance rate to carbapenem antibiotics, which should be taken seriously.目的： 了解儿童神经外科术后细菌性脑膜炎特征。 方法： 回顾性队列研究。选取2016年1月至2022年12月就诊上海儿童医学中心神经外科术后脑脊液细菌培养阳性的64例脑膜炎患儿为研究对象，分析患儿的临床特征、发病时间、抗感染治疗前脑脊液常规生化指标、脑脊液培养细菌学特征、对抗菌药物的敏感性。根据脑脊液结果将患儿分为革兰阳性菌感染组和革兰阴性菌感染组，采用t检验或Wilcoxon秩和检验及χ2检验比较两组患儿的临床特征。 结果： 64例患儿中男42例、女22例，起病年龄0.83（0.50，1.75）岁。64例患儿共发生70次术后细菌性脑膜炎。春季15例次（21%）、夏季23例次（33%）、秋季19例次（27%）、冬季13例次（19%）。发病时间为术后3.5（1.0，10.0）个月。患儿于术后≤1个月发病15例次（21%），患儿于术后>1个月发病55例次（79%）。38例（59%）患儿出现明显异常临床表现，发热36例（56%），呕吐11例（17%）。48例次（69%）术后细菌性脑膜炎系革兰阳性菌感染引起（革兰阳性菌感染组），其中表皮葡萄球菌24例次；22例次（31%）系革兰阴性菌感染引起（革兰阴性菌感染组），其中鲍曼不动杆菌7例次。革兰阳性菌感染组夏季发生率高于革兰阴性菌感染组［20例次（42%）比3例次（14%），χ2=5.37，P=0.020］，革兰阴性菌感染组秋季及术后1个月内的发生率明显高于革兰阳性菌感染组［11例次（50%）比8例次（17%），15例次（67%）比5例次（33%），χ2=8.48、9.02，均P<0.05］。未培养出对万古霉素耐药的革兰阳性细菌及对多黏菌素耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌。鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物敏感率为45%（10/22）。 结论： 儿童神经外科手术后脑膜炎临床表现不典型，革兰阳性菌是引起神经外科术后细菌性脑膜炎的主要病原菌，革兰阴性菌脑膜炎更易发生在秋季及术后1个月内。鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率较高，需引起警惕。.