Whose Preference Matters More? Couple’s Fertility Preferences and Realization in the Context of China’s Two-Child Policy

The universal two-child policy in China did not lead to a significant increase in fertility, which results in many public debates. In this study, we examine to what extent a couple’s desires for more children are associated with their behavior for having a second child, and whether there is a gender power imbalance in the realization process. Using the China Family Panel Studies data in 2014 and 2018, the findings suggest that the overall rate of having a second child is low after the policy relaxation. Compared to wives, husbands have greater power in the second-child realization, and this phenomenon is only salient in rural areas. Education, as an indicator of resources and a tool of empowerment, played a limited role in reversing the husband’s dominance in fertility outcomes in rural areas. This study sheds light on domestic power relations and fertility realization in an era right after the policy relaxation in China and calls for policies to target the issues of how to raise fertility levels without sacrificing women’s interests.