Comprehensive Single-Platform Lipidomic/Metabolomic Analysis Using Supercritical Fluid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is a rapidly expanding technique in the analysis of nonpolar to moderately polar substances and, more recently, also in the analysis of compounds with higher polarity. Herein, we demonstrate a proof of concept for the application of a commercial SFC instrument with electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (MS) detection as a platform for the comprehensive analysis of metabolites with the full range of polarities, from nonpolar lipids up to highly polar metabolites. The developed single-platform SFC–MS lipidomic/metabolomic method is based on two consecutive injections of lipid and polar metabolite extracts from biphase methyl tert-butyl ether extraction using a diol column and two different gradient programs of methanol–water–ammonium formate modifier. Detailed development of the method focused mainly on the pressure limits of the system, the long-term repeatability of results, and the chromatographic performance, including optimization of the flow rate program, modifier composition and gradient, and injection solvent selection. The developed method enabled fast and comprehensive analysis of lipids and polar metabolites from plasma within a 24 min cycle with two injections using a simple analytical platform based on a single instrument, column, and mobile phase. Finally, the results from SFC–MS analysis of polar metabolites were compared with widely established liquid chromatography MS analysis in metabolomics. The comparison showed different separation selectivity of metabolites using both methods and overall lower sensitivity of the SFC–MS due to the higher flow rate and worse chromatographic performance.