Esophageal cancer in octogenarians: Should esophagectomy be done?

Abstract

Introduction

Esophagectomy is the treatment of choice for esophageal cancer. In octogenarians data is conflicting. We evaluated postoperative outcomes and long-term survival of octogenarians and their younger counterparts.

Materials and Methods

A retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database including consecutive patients with esophageal cancer who underwent esophagectomy at a large referral, academic center between 2012 and 2021. Subgroups were designed according to age (<70, 70–79, and ≥ 80).

Results

A total of 359 patients underwent esophagectomy for esophageal cancer, 223 (62%) aged <70, 107 (30%) aged 70–79 and 29 (8%) aged ≥80. Octogenarians had higher American Society of Anesthesiologists [ASA] scores (p = 0.001), and fewer received neoadjuvant therapy (p = 0.04). Octogenarians experienced more major complications (P < 0.001) with significantly higher 30-day mortality rate (P = 0.001). In a multivariable analysis, major complications were associated with higher risk of being discharged to a rehabilitation center (odds ratio [OR] 14.839, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.921–44.747, p < 0.001) while age was not. Overall survival was reduced in octogenarians, with a 50th percentile survival of 10 months compared to 32 and 26 months in patients age < 70 and 70–79, respectively (p = 0.014). In a multivariable analysis, age ≥ 80 (hazard ratio [HR] 4.478 95% CI 2.151–9.322, p < 0.001), cancer stage (HR 1.545, 95% CI 1.095–2.179, p = 0.013), and postoperative major complications (HR 2.705 95% CI 1.913–3.823, p < 0.001) were independently associated with reduced survival.

Discussion

Our study showed that octogenarians had significantly higher postoperative major complications compared to younger age groups. Overall survival was significantly reduced in these patients, probably due to an increased rate of perioperative mortality. Better patient selection and preparation may improve postoperative outcomes and increase long-term survival.