Accelerated simulation methodologies for computational vascular flow modelling

Vascular flow modelling can improve our understanding of vascular pathologies and aid in developing safe and effective medical devices. Vascular flow models typically involve solving the nonlinear Navier–Stokes equations in complex anatomies and using physiological boundary conditions, often presenting a multi-physics and multi-scale computational problem to be solved. This leads to highly complex and expensive models that require excessive computational time. This review explores accelerated simulation methodologies, specifically focusing on computational vascular flow modelling. We review reduced order modelling (ROM) techniques like zero-/one-dimensional and modal decomposition-based ROMs and machine learning (ML) methods including ML-augmented ROMs, ML-based ROMs and physics-informed ML models. We discuss the applicability of each method to vascular flow acceleration and the effectiveness of the method in addressing domain-specific challenges. When available, we provide statistics on accuracy and speed-up factors for various applications related to vascular flow simulation acceleration. Our findings indicate that each type of model has strengths and limitations depending on the context. To accelerate real-world vascular flow problems, we propose future research on developing multi-scale acceleration methods capable of handling the significant geometric variability inherent to such problems.