Metal Organic Frameworks for therapeutic approaches in cardiovascular diseases: A comprehensive review

The cardiovascular system (CVS) is one of the human body's pivotal organs, playing a crucial role in circulating blood throughout various tissues. Global statistics underscore the fact that cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are responsible for the highest mortality rates worldwide. Recently, the utilization of different types of nanoparticles has gained significant attention in regenerative medicine. Among these nanoparticles, Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) nanoparticles have emerged as a subject of investigation over the past decade. These nanoparticles comprise an organic ligand attached to a metal core. Thanks to their unique properties, including exceptional biocompatibility, customizable porosity, precise control over shape and size, a high surface-to-volume ratio, inherent antibacterial characteristics, and the ability to be detected through Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), MOFs have captured the interest of researchers in the field of cardiovascular diseases. Although there are many investigations on the treatment of CVDs utilizing MOFs, there is a lack of studiy which provide a review of all applications. This paper presented a comprehensive study of the manifold applications of MOFs in order to detect or treat CVDs. Regarding biosensors, some MOF structures have been developed to detect cardiac biomarkers, especially cardiac troponin-I (cTnI). Nitric oxide (NO) release in CVS cooper and iron-based MOFs revealed acceptable absorption/desorption properties. MOFs exhibited desirable performance in drug delivery, such as rapamycin, sildenafil, and Antisense oligonucleotides for treating atherosclerosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and other types of CVDs. Moreover, a summary of conducted studies under each approach and the remaining challenges and future directions are discussed.