Efficient and stable Ni-supported novel porous Ca-Mg-Al complex oxide catalyst for catalytic pyrolysis of oleic acid into gasoline-kerosene rich production using methanol as a hydrogen donor: Synthesis methods and process optimization

In this study, a series of cost-effective and eco-friendly Ca-Mg-Al and Ni-modified Ca-Mg-Al catalysts were successfully synthesized with different methods (coprecipitation, impregnation and mechanical mixing method) and applied to catalytic pyrolysis vapor upgrading of oleic acid (OA) to produce gasoline-kerosene rich production using methanol as a hydrogen donor. In addition, the effects of the process parameters (catalyst type, OA to methanol ratio, pyrolysis/catalytic temperature, catalyst loading, feedstock injection volume) on the product yield and selectivity were explored, and the reuse properties and deactivation mechanism were also evaluated. Active Ni species coupled with methanol were more conducive to enhancing the catalyst activity and OA conversion and obviously increased the selectivity toward the gasoline-kerosene product. The impregnation method was favorable for the formation of NiAl2O4 species, and coprecipitation method suppressed the formation of NiAl2O4 species. The enhanced activity and deoxygenation selectivity of the coprecipitation method (NiCaMgAl) at lower pyrolysis temperatures was attributed to the abundant higher specific surface area and pore size, higher active metal oxide (Ni2+) and well-active Ni dispersion with a smaller particle size, as well as the lower acidity and partially oxidized Ni, which suppressed the NiAl2O4 spinel phase formation compared with the Ni/Ca-Mg/Al (impregnation) and Ca-Mg-Al (mixing) catalysts, which was beneficial to the decarbonylation/ decarboxylation reaction and inhibited the hydrocracking reaction of CC. Therefore, 100% conversion, 97.12% hydrocarbon yield, 54.53% gasoline and 58.80% kerosene content over NiCaMgAl catalyst were obtained under optimal conditions (pyrolysis/catalytic temperature = 450/500°C, catalyst loading = 1.5 g, feedstock injection volume = 0.1 ml/min and OA to methanol ratio = 3:1). Moreover, NiCaMgAl catalyst also demonstrated good reusability and hydrothermal stability performance due to the lower amount of coke deposition with a lower graphitized structure, which suppressed sintering.