Tension-compression asymmetry is a common phenomenon in the deformation behavior of nickel-based superalloys, and a thorough understanding of this phenomenon is essential, as nickel-based superalloys are key component materials for aircraft engines and gas turbines. In this review, we first discuss the key factors influencing the tension-compression asymmetry of nickel-based superalloys and the state-of-the-art experimental and modeling techniques. Then, we further discuss the related research on polycrystalline and single crystal nickel-based superalloy. The limitations of the current researches are identified and some challenges for the future are also highlighted. Specifically, future research should focus on exploring more in-depth the microscopic mechanisms of tension-compression asymmetry, developing multi-scale integrated polycrystalline tension-compression asymmetry models to meet more extensive application requirements, and quantifying tension-compressive asymmetry.