捕食
霍普夫分叉
阿利效应
人口
捕食者
数学
消光(光学矿物学)
统计物理学
生态学
间歇性
功能性反应
理论(学习稳定性)
复杂动力学
控制理论(社会学)
生物
分叉
物理
机械
数学分析
计算机科学
人口学
非线性系统
人工智能
控制(管理)
量子力学
社会学
古生物学
机器学习
湍流
作者
Subarna Roy,Sajan,Pankaj Kumar Tiwari,Balram Dubey
出处
期刊:Chaos
[American Institute of Physics]
日期:2024-06-01
卷期号:34 (6)
摘要
In this investigation, we construct a predator–prey model that distinguishes between immature and mature prey, highlighting group defense strategies within the mature prey. First, we embark on exploring the positivity and boundedness of the solution, unraveling sustainable equilibrium points, and deducing their stability conditions. Upon further investigation, we observe that the system exhibits diverse bifurcations, including Hopf, saddle-node, transcritical, generalized Hopf, cusp, and Bogdanov–Takens bifurcations. The results reveal that heightened fear decreases mature prey density, potentially causing prey extinction beyond a certain threshold. Increased maturation rates lead to the coexistence of immature and mature prey populations and higher predator density. Stronger group defense boosts mature prey density, while weaker defense results in weak persistence. Lower values of the maturation rate of prey and the decline rate of predators sustain only the predator population, reliant on resources other than focal prey. Furthermore, our model demonstrates intriguing and diverse dynamical phenomena, including various forms of bistability across distinct bi-parameter planes. We also explore the dynamics of a related nonautonomous system, where certain parameters are considered to vary with time. In the seasonally forced model, we set out to define criteria regarding the existence and stability of positive periodic solutions. Numerical investigations into the seasonally forced model uncover a spectrum of dynamics, ranging from simple periodic solutions to higher periodicities, bursting patterns, and chaotic behavior.
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