Dopamine Sulfonate Ligand-Assisted TiO2 Deposition Enabling Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

The metal oxide electron transport layers (ETLs) with flat morphology and high electrical quality are essential to manufacture highly efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs), in which the regulation of the metal oxide deposition process plays a crucial role. Herein, a judiciously designed dopamine sulfonate (DS) ligand-assisted deposition of titanium dioxide (TiO