Liquid–Liquid Extraction

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1 Fundamentals and Fields of Application 2 Thermodynamic Fundamentals 2.1 Graphic Representation of Phase Equilibria 2.1.1 Triangular Diagrams 2.1.2 Other Graphic Representations 2.2 Measuring Methods of Phase Equilibria 2.3 Correlation of Phase Equilibria 2.4 Selection of Solvent 2.5 Determination of Mass‐Transfer Performance 2.5.1 Specific Methods for Determining the Number of Theoretical Stages 2.5.2 Determining Equipment Behavior Based on Drop‐Population Balances 2.5.3 Evaluation of Stage‐Number Calculation for Process Design 3 Apparatus 3.1 Survey 3.1.1 Columns Without Energy Input 3.1.2 Pulsed Columns 3.1.3 Columns with Rotating Internals 3.1.4 Mixer‐settlers 3.1.5 Centrifugal Extractors 3.2 Fluid‐Dynamic Fundamentals 3.2.1 Problems and Process Strategy 3.2.2 Operating Characteristics of Pulsed Columns and Columns with Rotating Internals 3.2.3 Fluid‐Dynamic Calculation Methods 3.3 Apparatus Design 3.3.1 Internals and Operating Conditions 3.3.2 Column Diameter 3.3.3 Column Height 3.4 Criteria for Equipment Selection 4 Phase‐Separation Equipment 4.1 Gravity Settlers Without Internals 4.2 Settlers with Coalescing Aids 4.3 Problems of Phase Separation 5 Liquid–Liquid Extraction Processes 5.1 General 5.2 Combined Processes of Extraction and Distillation 5.3 Reactive Extraction 5.3.1 Introduction 5.3.2 Extraction Mechanism of Different Types of Solvents 5.3.3 Diluents and Modifiers 5.3.4 Uses 5.3.5 Reaction‐Equilibrium Fundamentals 5.3.6 Setting up an Extraction System Acknowledgment References