A Universal Framework for the Effect of Operating Parameters on Piezoionic Voltage Generation

The piezoionic effect, the generation of a transient voltage in a polymer matrix infused with ion embedded solvent upon the application of a mechanical stimulus, has demonstrated potential applications in ionic sensing, actuation, interfaces, and energy harvesting. Considerable progress has been made to increase voltage output based on optimizing the morphology and composition of materials. However, regardless of the materials used, in order to design and operate piezoionic devices efficiently, the effect of operating parameters, for example, the strength, speed, and location of the mechanical stimulus, as well as the collection of the piezoionic signal using electrodes are of equal importance. Yet, there has not been any systematic exploration of such operating parameters, leading to the present