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Effects of 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole on the morphological development and motility of zebrafish

斑马鱼 氧化应激 运动性 细胞凋亡 活性氧 脂质过氧化 下调和上调 生物 细胞生物学 毒性 线粒体 男科 化学 生物化学 基因 医学 有机化学
作者
Yanxia Zuo,Fang Zhou,Rong Huang,Zhihui Jia,Juhong Xie,Guangxin Wang,Shuzhao Jia,Xiaomeng Li,M. Wang,Lanjie Liao,Feng Ge,Yaping Wang
出处
期刊:Science of The Total Environment [Elsevier]
卷期号:950: 175316-175316
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175316
摘要

2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (2,4,6-TCA), a compound with a characteristic earthy odor, is a common source of odorous pollutants in drinking water and wine. However, research on its biological toxicity is limited. In this study, we used zebrafish as an indicator model to investigate the effects of 2,4,6-TCA exposure on morphological development, oxidative stress, apoptosis, heart rate, blood flow, and motility. We found that exposure to 2,4,6-TCA resulted in significant spinal, tail, and cardiac deformities in zebrafish larvae and promoted a pronounced oxidative stress response and extensive cell apoptosis, notably in the digestive tract, head, spine, and heart, ultimately leading to significant reductions in zebrafish heart rate, blood flow, and motility. Moreover, these effects became more pronounced with an increase in the concentration of 2,4,6-TCA to which the zebrafish were exposed. Furthermore, qPCR analysis revealed that exposure to 2,4,6-TCA promoted significant changes in the expression levels of genes associated with oxidative stress, apoptosis, cardiac development, and the nervous system, particularly key genes (p53, apaf1, casp9, and casp3) in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, which were significantly upregulated. Similarly, we detected significant upregulation of ache gene expression. These findings indicated that exposure to 2,4,6-TCA resulted in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in zebrafish, induced strong oxidative stress responses, and triggered lipid peroxidation and extensive cell apoptosis. Cellular apoptosis, which mitochondrial signaling pathways may mediate, has been found to lead to malformations in zebrafish embryos, resulting in significant reductions in cardiac function and motility. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic assessment of the toxicity of 2,4,6-TCA, and our findings provide an important reference for risk assessment and early warning of 2,4,6-TCA exposure.
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