Thrombosis in Hypertension: Pathophysiology, Biomarkers, and the Effect of Antihypertensive Treatment

Abstract: Hypertension, characterized by elevated blood pressure levels, remains a global health concern due to its association with cardiovascular complications, notably thrombosis. Thrombosis, the formation of blood clots within blood vessels, poses a significant risk for myocardial infarction, stroke, and limb ischemia, leading to adverse patient outcomes. Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying thrombosis in hypertension is crucial for developing effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. Hypertension induces structural and functional alterations in the vasculature, endothelium, and platelets, creating a prothrombotic milieu. Endothelial dysfunction, increased platelet activation, and alterations in coagulation factors contribute to the heightened thrombotic risk observed in hypertensive individuals. Biomarkers associated with thrombotic events, such as mean platelet volume, D-Dimer, and fibrinogen offer valuable insights into the pathogenesis of thrombosis and may serve as prognostic indicators for cardiovascular events in hypertensive populations. Investigating the impact of antihypertensive treatment on thrombotic risk is essential, as these medications exert pleiotropic effects on the vasculature and hemostatic system. By elucidating the intricate interplay between hypertension and thrombosis, this review aims to enhance our understanding of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive individuals and identify novel therapeutic targets for preventing thrombotic complications.