Value of sentinel node ultrastaging and pathologic techniques in tumoral detection

Purpose of review Sentinel lymph node assessment is an option for patients with clinically early-stage vulvar cancer, endometrial cancer, cervical cancer, and, more recently, ovarian cancer. However, although ultrastaging is mandatory as part of the node evaluation, universally accepted pathology protocols are lacking. This review focuses on the current evidence for the most relevant aspects of sentinel lymph node evaluation, as well as some controversial topics like frozen section or one-step nucleic acid amplification. Recent findings The diagnostic accuracy of sentinel lymph node detection algorithms for patients with gynecologic neoplasms is high. However, the heterogeneity among the published studies and the absence of clear recommendations from most guidelines make it challenging to recommend one protocol over another. The minimum requirement from ultrastaging protocols (regarding the number of levels to be assessed, among others) to get the highest accuracy with a minor cost is unknown. Summary Sentinel lymph node evaluation is now part of the surgical management for most early-stage gynecologic neoplasms. However, a universally accepted ultrastaging pathology protocol is lacking in literature and clinical practice. This gap requires significant effort from the gynecologic oncology and pathology community to be closed and then to allow advancements in surgical management for early-stage gynecologic tumors to go forward.