Graphene-based metal/metal oxide nanocomposites as potential antibacterial agents: a mini-review

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a rising issue worldwide, which is increasing prolonged illness and mortality rates in the population. Similarly, bacteria have generated multidrug resistance (MDR) by developing various mechanisms to cope with existing antibiotics and therefore, there is a need to develop new antibacterial and antimicrobial agents. Biocompatible nanomaterials like graphene and its derivatives, graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) loaded with metal/metal oxide nanoparticles have been explored as potential antibacterial agents. It is observed that nanocomposites of GO/rGO and metal/metal oxide nanoparticles can result in the synthesis of less toxic, more stable, controlled size, uniformly distributed, and cost-effective nanomaterials compared to pure metal nanoparticles. Antibacterial studies of these nanocomposites show their considerable potential as antibacterial and antimicrobial agents, however, issues like the mechanism of antimicrobial action and their cytotoxicity need to be explored in detail. This review highlights a comparative analysis of graphene-based metal and metal oxide nanoparticles as potential antibacterial agents against AMR and MDR.