Comparison of MRI and CT for the Prediction of Microvascular Invasion in Solitary Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on a Non‐Radiomics and Radiomics Method: Which Imaging Modality Is Better?

Background Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are both capable of predicting microvascular invasion (MVI) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, which modality is better is unknown. Purpose To intraindividually compare CT and MRI for predicting MVI in solitary HCC and investigate the added value of radiomics analyses. Study Type Retrospective. Subjects Included were 402 consecutive patients with HCC (training set:validation set = 300:102). Field Strength/Sequence T2‐weighted, diffusion‐weighted, and contrast‐enhanced T1‐weighted imaging MRI at 3.0T and contrast‐enhanced CT. Assessment CT‐ and MR‐based radiomics signatures (RS) were constructed using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression. CT‐ and MR‐based radiologic (R) and radiologic‐radiomics (RR) models were developed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The performance of the RS/models was compared between two modalities. To investigate the added value of RS, the performance of the R models was compared with the RR models in HCC of all sizes and 2–5 cm in size. Statistical Tests Model performance was quantified by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and compared using the Delong test. Results Histopathologic MVI was identified in 161 patients (training set:validation set = 130:31). MRI‐based RS/models tended to have a marginally higher AUC than CT‐based RS/models (AUCs of CT vs. MRI, P : RS, 0.801 vs. 0.804, 0.96; R model, 0.809 vs. 0.832, 0.09; RR model, 0.835 vs. 0.872, 0.54). The improvement of RR models over R models in all sizes was not significant ( P = 0.21 at CT and 0.09 at MRI), whereas the improvement in 2–5 cm was significant at MRI ( P < 0.05) but not at CT ( P = 0.16). Data Conclusion CT and MRI had a comparable predictive performance for MVI in solitary HCC. The RS of MRI only had significant added value for predicting MVI in HCC of 2–5 cm. Level of Evidence 3 Technical Efficacy Stage 2