HSP90 regulates osteosarcoma cell apoptosis by targeting the p53/TCF‐1‐mediated transcriptional network

Abstract Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone tumor that occurs predominantly in children and teenagers. Although many genes, such as p53 and Rb1, have been shown to be mutated, deregulation of the canonical Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway is frequently observed in OS. We recently demonstrated that heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is involved in the regulation of runt‐related transcription factor 2 via the AKT/GSK‐3β/β‐catenin signaling pathway in OS. However, the precise role of T cell factors/lymphoid enhancer‐binding factor (TCFs/LEF) family members, which are the major binding complex of β‐catenin, in OS is poorly understood. In the present study, we first demonstrated that TCF‐1 is overexpressed in OS compared with other bone tumors. Knockdown of TCF‐1 significantly induced cell cycle arrest, severe DNA damage, and subsequent caspase‐3‐dependent apoptosis. Interestingly, coexpression of HSP90 and TCF‐1 was observed in OS, and mechanistically, we demonstrated that TCF‐1 expression is regulated by HSP90 either through a β‐catenin‐dependent mechanism or a direct degradation of the proteasome. We also found that overexpression of TCF‐1 partially abolishes the apoptosis induced by HSP90 inhibition. Furthermore, we provided evidence that p53, but not miR‐34a, plays a crucial role in the HSP90‐regulated TCF‐1 expression and subsequent apoptosis. Given the diverse combination regimens of HSP90 inhibition with some other treatments, we propose that the p53 status and the expression level of TCF‐1 should be taken into consideration to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of HSP90 inhibition.