Remediation of Petroleum Contaminated Soils: Biological, Physical, and Chemical Processes

Introduction Background Biodegradation as a Treatment Alternative Combined Technologies Current Treatment Technologies On-Site or Ex Situ Processes In Situ Processes Biodegradation/Mineralization/Biotransformation/Bioaccumulation of Petroleum Constituents and Associated Heavy Metals Chemical Composition of Fuel Oils Organic Compounds Heavy Metals Intermediate Metabolites and End Products of Biodegradation Factors Affecting Biodegradation in Soil-Water Systems Chemical and Physical Factors Biological Factors Soil/Environmental Factors Optimization of Bioremediation Variation of Soil Factors Biological Enhancement Contaminant Alteration Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Petroleum Products Emissions Produced from Soil Contamination Parameters Affecting Volatilization Control of VOC Emissions Monitoring Bioremediation Microbial Counts Other Monitoring Methods Rate of Biodegradation Differing Biotic and Abiotic Processes Treatment Trains Limitations of Soil Treatment Systems Remediation Guidelines Combined Technologies Examples of the Use of Treatment Trains List of Tables List of Illustrations References Index