Bismuth: Inorganic Chemistry

无机化学 化学 碱金属 氧化态 卤化物 碱土金属 团簇化学 固态化学 金属 结晶学 有机化学
作者
Kenton H. Whitmire
出处
期刊:Encyclopedia of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry 卷期号:: 1-32 被引量:11
标识
DOI:10.1002/9781119951438.eibc0018.pub2
摘要

Abstract This review presents findings from 420 references. Bismuth has a diverse chemistry from the properties of the element to those of its important solid‐state compounds and its varied coordination complexes. Bismuth is the heaviest stable element whose chemistry is dominated by the +3 oxidation state, but −3, +1, +2, and +5 oxidation numbers are also accessible. In contrast to the lighter pnictogens, very few inorganic bismuth(V) compounds have been reported. The best characterized of these is BiF 5 , which is a strongly oxidizing Lewis acid that readily forms the BiF 6 − ion in the presence of a variety of F− ion donors. In this review, the chemistry of bismuth is organized by compound classification. Included are sections on the properties of the element, its intermetallic compounds and important solid‐state materials such as the bismuth oxides, chalcogenides, and pnictides. Recent work has been directed toward production of elemental bismuth and key solid‐state compounds in nanoparticle form. The solid‐state materials have important applications including high TC superconductors, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric materials, oxide ion conductors, catalysts, thermoelectric materials, etc. In its reduced compounds with alkali and alkaline earth metals, bismuth forms a number of homometallic and heterometallic anionic Zintl ions showing Bi–Bi bonding and a strong tendency toward cluster formation. Cationic clusters in reduced halide species have been observed. Bi–Bi single and double bonds are known. Molecular compounds are discussed and organized by the donor elements coordinated to bismuth, including sections on amines and amides, alkoxides, carboxylates, thiolates, and halides. The halides along with Bi(NO 3 ) 3 · 5H2O are amongst the most common starting materials for synthesizing other bismuth complexes. The alkoxide and carboxylate complexes are subject to facile hydrolysis leading to a wide variety of oxo‐alkoxide and oxo‐carboxylate complexes. Particularly stable configurations for these oxo clusters are Bi 9 and Bi 38 . These latter two cluster sizes stabilized by salicylate ligands are good model compounds for the bismuth subcarboxylate compounds, which have found widespread medicinal usage. High coordination numbers ranging from two to nine are common and the Bi 3+ ion is well‐known for its high Lewis acidity. Despite its identity as a heavy metal, its compounds are generally nontoxic to humans and enjoy a wide application as antibacterial and antifungal agents. Aspects of the biological chemistry of bismuth compounds are surveyed. A rich chemistry of bismuth coordinated to organometallic transition metal fragments is well developed. Many Fe, Co, Ru, Os, and Re metal carbonyl complexes have been reported as well as cyclopentadienyl metal derivatives. Unusual structure and bonding patterns have been observed in these compounds that include representatives from Groups 6 through 11 as well as one organometallic lanthanide complex.
最长约 10秒,即可获得该文献文件

科研通智能强力驱动
Strongly Powered by AbleSci AI
科研通是完全免费的文献互助平台,具备全网最快的应助速度,最高的求助完成率。 对每一个文献求助,科研通都将尽心尽力,给求助人一个满意的交代。
实时播报
枫叶发布了新的文献求助10
1秒前
旭日发布了新的文献求助10
4秒前
阿尼拉姆完成签到,获得积分10
5秒前
ZD小草应助做梦采纳,获得10
6秒前
kingkingmai发布了新的文献求助10
7秒前
斯文败类应助Xxxx采纳,获得10
7秒前
大气的雁芙完成签到,获得积分10
9秒前
西贝子子完成签到,获得积分10
11秒前
CipherSage应助LYH采纳,获得10
11秒前
努力哥完成签到,获得积分10
11秒前
大魁完成签到,获得积分10
12秒前
12秒前
orixero应助多哈热水采纳,获得10
13秒前
13秒前
14秒前
缥缈水蜜桃完成签到 ,获得积分10
15秒前
18秒前
18秒前
酷炫的小紫完成签到 ,获得积分10
18秒前
星期一发布了新的文献求助10
19秒前
大个应助旭日采纳,获得10
19秒前
20秒前
20秒前
20秒前
小小发布了新的文献求助10
21秒前
香蕉觅云应助科研通管家采纳,获得10
23秒前
冷冷完成签到 ,获得积分10
23秒前
23秒前
cocolu给yolenco的求助进行了留言
24秒前
wenjiahua发布了新的文献求助10
24秒前
多哈热水发布了新的文献求助10
25秒前
雨林发布了新的文献求助10
27秒前
科目三应助小尚要加油采纳,获得10
27秒前
藤大阳发布了新的文献求助10
27秒前
唐晓秦应助淡淡菠萝采纳,获得10
28秒前
无花果应助杰青采纳,获得10
29秒前
Lucas应助仙林AK47采纳,获得10
29秒前
29秒前
31秒前
32秒前
高分求助中
Production Logging: Theoretical and Interpretive Elements 2500
Востребованный временем 2500
Hopemont Capacity Assessment Interview manual and scoring guide 1000
Classics in Total Synthesis IV: New Targets, Strategies, Methods 1000
Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine Board Review 700
Mantids of the euro-mediterranean area 600
Mantodea of the World: Species Catalog Andrew M 500
热门求助领域 (近24小时)
化学 医学 材料科学 生物 工程类 有机化学 生物化学 纳米技术 内科学 物理 化学工程 计算机科学 复合材料 基因 遗传学 物理化学 催化作用 细胞生物学 免疫学 电极
热门帖子
关注 科研通微信公众号,转发送积分 3441499
求助须知:如何正确求助?哪些是违规求助? 3038123
关于积分的说明 8970625
捐赠科研通 2726409
什么是DOI,文献DOI怎么找? 1495471
科研通“疑难数据库(出版商)”最低求助积分说明 691208
邀请新用户注册赠送积分活动 688212