生物
细胞生物学
茉莉酸
效应器
信号转导
系统获得性抵抗
背景(考古学)
转录因子
磷酸化
过敏反应
植物对草食的防御
激酶
水杨酸
钙信号传导
第二信使系统
WRKY蛋白质结构域
蛋白激酶A
细胞信号
植物免疫
促炎细胞因子
生物化学
基因
基因表达
拟南芥
植物抗病性
转录组
免疫学
炎症
古生物学
突变体
作者
Tina Romeis,Marco Herde
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.pbi.2014.03.002
摘要
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are multifunctional proteins in which a calmodulin-like calcium-sensor and a protein kinase effector domain are combined in one molecule. Not surprisingly, CDPKs were primarily recognized as signaling mediators, which perceive rapid intracellular changes of Ca(2+) ion concentration, for example triggered by environmental stress cues, and relay them into specific phosphorylation events to induce further downstream stress responses. In the context of both, plant exposure to biotrophic pathogens-derived signals as well as plant attack by herbivores and wounding, CDPKs were shown to undergo rapid biochemical activation within seconds to minutes after stimulation and to induce local defence-responses including respective changes in gene expression patterns. In addition, CDPK function was correlated with the control of either salicylic acid-mediated or jasmonic acid-mediated phytohormone signaling pathways, mediating long term resistance to either biotrophic bacterial pathogens or herbivores also in distal parts of a plant. It has long been unclear how an individual enzyme can affect both rapid local as well as long-term distal immune responses. Here, we discuss recently raised topics from the field of CDPK research, in particular with a view on the identification of in vivo phosphorylation targets, which provide first mechanistic insights into the dual role of these enzymes: On the one hand as component of a self-activating circuit responsible for rapid plasma-membrane anchored cell-to-cell signal propagation from local to distal plant sites. On the other hand as nuclear-located regulators of transcription factor activity. Finally, we will highlight the dual function of calcium sensors in plasma-membrane/calcium-mediated signal propagation and in phytohormone signaling-dependent systemic resistance in immune responses to both, bacterial pathogens and herbivores.
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