Development of a GPU-superposition Monte Carlo code for fast dose calculation in magnetic fields

Abstract Objective. To develop and validate a graphics processing unit (GPU) based superposition Monte Carlo (SMC) code for efficient and accurate dose calculation in magnetic fields. Approach. A series of mono-energy photons ranging from 25 keV to 7.7 MeV were simulated with EGSnrc in a water phantom to generate particle tracks database. SMC physics was extended with charged particle transport in magnetic fields and subsequently programmed on GPU as gSMC. Optimized simulation scheme was designed by combining variance reduction techniques to relieve the thread divergence issue in general GPU-MC codes and improve the calculation efficiency. The gSMC code’s dose calculation accuracy and efficiency were assessed through both phantoms and patient cases. Main results. gSMC accurately calculated the dose in various phantoms for both B = 0 T and B = 1.5 T, and it matched EGSnrc well with a root mean square error of less than 1.0% for the entire depth dose region. Patient cases validation also showed a high dose agreement with EGSnrc with 3D gamma passing rate (2%/2 mm) large than 97% for all tested tumor sites. Combined with photon splitting and particle track repeating techniques, gSMC resolved the thread divergence issue and showed an efficiency gain of 186–304 relative to EGSnrc with 10 CPU threads. Significance. A GPU-superposition Monte Carlo code called gSMC was developed and validated for dose calculation in magnetic fields. The developed code’s high calculation accuracy and efficiency make it suitable for dose calculation tasks in online adaptive radiotherapy with MR-LINAC.