A state-of-the-art review of various adsorption media employed for the removal of toxic Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): An approach towards a cleaner environment

The efficient elimination of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from resources such as water and soil is a concern as it severely impacts the environment and human health. Adsorption is one of the efficient and economical techniques for removing PAHs. Activated Carbon, biochar, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and many non‑carbonaceous materials are the common absorbents used for PAHs removal. A significant amount of PAHs can be scavenged (approximately 100%) from wastewater using appropriate adsorbents. Researchers have observed that adsorbent's physicochemical properties have a substantial role in adsorption mechanism and performance. Adsorbent particle size, PAHs solubility, and salinity of the solution, temperature, and pH are all critical factors in PAHs adsorption capacity. In this context, the present investigation aimed to look over the advantages, benefits, and drawbacks of various PAHs removal techniques. It also critically reviews the potential use of porous carbonaceous and non‑carbonaceous material, their performance, and efficiency for PAHs removal and discusses operating parameters effects on the adsorption process.