Upscaling 3D Engineered Trees for Off-Grid Desalination

太阳能淡化 环境工程 蒸腾作用 环境科学 潜热 太阳能 海水淡化 蒸发 可再生能源 地表水 水文学(农业) 气象学 工程类 化学 地理 生物化学 光合作用 岩土工程 电气工程
作者
Sunxiang Zheng,Meiqi Yang,Xi Chen,Claire E. White,Liangbing Hu,Zhiyong Jason Ren
出处
期刊:Environmental Science & Technology [American Chemical Society]
卷期号:56 (2): 1289-1299 被引量:34
标识
DOI:10.1021/acs.est.1c05777
摘要

More than 70% of the population without access to safe drinking water lives in remote and off-grid areas. Inspired by natural plant transpiration, we designed and tested in this study an array of scalable three-dimensional (3D) engineered trees made of natural wood for continuous water desalination to provide affordable and clean drinking water. The trees took advantage of capillary action in the wood xylems and lifted water more than 1 foot off the ground with or without solar irradiation. This process overcame some major challenges of popular solar-driven water evaporation and water harvesting, such as intermittent operation, low water production rate, and system scaling. The trade-off between energy transfer and system footprint was tackled by optimizing the interspacing between the trees. The scaled system has a ratio of surface area (vapor generation) to project area (water transport) up to 118, significantly higher than the prevailing flat-sheet design. The extensive surface area evaporated water at a temperature cooler than the surrounding air, drawing on multiple environmental energy sources including solar, wind, or ambient heat in the air and realized continuous operation. The total energy for evaporation reached over 300% of the one-sun irradiance, enabling a freshwater production rate of 4.8 L m–2 h–1 from an array of 16 trees in an enclosed room and 14 L m–2 h–1 under a 3 m/s airflow. Furthermore, we found that the ambient heat in the air contributed 60%–70% of the total latent heat of vaporization when energy sources were decoupled. During long-term desalination tests, the engineered trees demonstrated a self-cleaning mechanism with daily cycles of salt accumulation and dissolution. Combining the quantification from an evaporation model and meteorology data covering the globe, we also demonstrated that the 3D engineered trees can be of particular interest for sustainable desalination in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) regions.
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