Recent advances in research on anodes for safe and efficient lithium–metal batteries

The revival of lithium metal anodes (LMAs) makes it a potent influence on the battery research community in the recent years after the popularity of Li-ion batteries with graphite anodes. The main reason is due to the over ten-fold increase in the capacity of LMAs when compared with that obtained when using graphite, as well as the low redox potential of Li/Li+. However, the full potential of LMAs is heavily inhibited by several factors, such as dendrite growth, pulverization, side reactions, and volume changes. These adversities lower the cell's Coulombic efficiency dramatically if operated without massively excessive Li usage. In this review, we first introduce some of the most significant progresses made in the understandings of the charging/discharging processes at the anode. The importance of combining advanced characterization techniques with classical methods is highlighted. In particular, we aim to explore the hidden links between those studies for obtaining deeper insights. Two main categories of solutions to address common problems, namely, lithium-electrolyte interfacial engineering and three-dimensional hosting of Li, are subsequently illustrated, where each subsection takes a different methodological perspective to demonstrate the relevant state-of-the-art studies. Some interesting approaches to stop dendrites and a brief note on the practical aspects of lithium-metal batteries are provided, too. This review concludes with our essential discoveries from the current literature and valuable suggestions for future LMA research.