Recent Advances in the Microbial Synthesis of Hemoglobin

Microbially synthesized hemoglobins have found current applications in different fields. Based on the classic structure of hemoglobins, several important modifications have been introduced to improve their expression level. Different strategies are feasible for hemoglobin biosynthesis based on the kind of hemoglobin and the microbial chassis used to synthesize it. Hemoglobin is a cofactor-containing protein with heme that plays important roles in transporting and storing oxygen. Hemoglobins have been widely applied as acellular oxygen carriers, bioavailable iron-supplying agents, and food-grade coloring and flavoring agents. To meet increasing demands and overcome the drawbacks of chemical extraction, the biosynthesis of hemoglobin has become an attractive alternative. Several hemoglobins have recently been synthesized by various microorganisms through metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. In this review, we summarize the novel strategies that have been used to biosynthesize hemoglobin. These strategies can also serve as references for producing other heme-binding proteins. Hemoglobin is a cofactor-containing protein with heme that plays important roles in transporting and storing oxygen. Hemoglobins have been widely applied as acellular oxygen carriers, bioavailable iron-supplying agents, and food-grade coloring and flavoring agents. To meet increasing demands and overcome the drawbacks of chemical extraction, the biosynthesis of hemoglobin has become an attractive alternative. Several hemoglobins have recently been synthesized by various microorganisms through metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. In this review, we summarize the novel strategies that have been used to biosynthesize hemoglobin. These strategies can also serve as references for producing other heme-binding proteins. a kind of molecular chaperone that can specifically bind hemoglobin alpha subunit to help alpha subunit with forming correct structure and preventing oligomeric aggregation. the weight of cells after water is removed. provides comprehensive molecular biology information to a community of millions of life scientists all over the world. an official agency that protects the public health by assuring the security of drugs, biological products, and medical devices, etc. a common fusion tag used for enhancing soluble expression of heterologous proteins. generally recognized as safe; the safety of microorganism is generally recognized based on a history of safe use in food. chemically modified or biosynthesized human hemoglobin that can replace the oxygen storage and transport functions of red blood cells and can be used as an alternative to traditional blood transfusion. an artificial intelligence system that can automatically learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed. the expression of heterologous genes affects the distribution availability of resources (energy and substrates, etc.) in the host. a multidisciplinary research group that serves as a resource for molecular biology information. contains the 3D shapes of proteins, nucleic acids, and complex assemblies.