Investigating the effects of geographical origin, roasting degree, particle size and brewing method on the physicochemical and spectral properties of Arabica coffee by PCA analysis

Effects of geographical origin of Coffee Arabica beans (Brazil, Colombia and Peru), roasting degree, particle size and different brewing methods (French press, chemex and cold brew) on physicochemical and spectral properties of coffee samples were investigated in this study. Analyses of pH, total phenolic content (TPC) and total antioxidant activity (TA), UV and fluorescence spectroscopy measurements were performed. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to obtain the most effective parameters on chemical changes. Results indicated that the increase of roasting degree caused decrements in the intensities of UV-spectra because of the degradation of trigonelline and chlorogenic acid molecules while counterpart trend was observed in the fluorescence spectra due to formation of fluorescence Maillard reaction products (MRP) during roasting. French press and cold brew methods caused similar TPC (1873.33–3818.33 and 2648.88–3824.44 μg/mL gallic acid equivalent, respectively) and TA (0.18–0.32 and 0.16–0.27 μmol/mL Trolox equivalent, respectively) values whereas chemex method showed different physicochemical properties (TPC: 1008.88–3543.88 μg/mL gallic acid equivalent and TA: 0.08–0.26 μmol/mL Trolox equivalent). Roasting degree and brewing method—compared to other parameters—were the most discriminating factors on the basis of UV spectra and fluorescence spectra of coffee brew samples, respectively. All roasting degrees could be distinguished with the rate of 71.42% on PC1 and 23.45% on PC2 of total variance according to UV-spectra while chemex and French press-cold brew methods could be differentiated with the rate of 97.24% on PC1 and 1.79% on PC2 of total variance based on fluorescence spectra on PCA score graphs.