Trained immunity by oxidized low-density lipoprotein is defined by reprogramming of glycolytic metabolism in human monocytes

Aim: Monocyte-derived macrophages are major drives of atherosclerotic plaque development. Brief exposure of monocytes to a low concentration of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) induces a persis3tent, proatherogenic macrophage phenotype characterized by increased proinflammatory cytokine production, and foam cell formation. This innate immune memory has been termed trained immunity. The aim of the current study is to elucidate the intracellular mechanisms of oxLDL-mediated trained immunity.