Towards high-performance battery systems by regulating morphology of TiO2 materials

With the growing attention on clean energy, the rechargeable batteries are considered one of the most effective way of energy storage and employment. Because of their high safety, low-cost, and appreciable capacity, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been regarded as hopeful selective anode materials for high-performance battery systems. In this review, the recent developments of TiO2 polymorphs with different crystalline structures (such as rutile, anatase, and bronze) as electrode materials for energy storage systems were summarized. This review pays attention to the recent research progress of TiO2 with various morphologies in the fields of batteries, including 0D nanoparticles, one-dimensional (1D) nanowires, nanotubes, nanofibers and nanorods, two-dimensional (2D) nanoplates and nanosheets, and three-dimensional(3D) micro-nanostructures assembled by 1D or 2D nanostructures. The conventional synthesis routes, advantages, challenges, and application fields of TiO2 with various morphologies are briefly discussed respectively. At last, several comprehensions into future trends, challenges, and prospects of TiO2-based materials for Li-ion battery, sodium-ion battery, and all‑vanadium redox flow battery are proposed.