Ozone- and Hydroxyl Radical-Induced Degradation of Micropollutants in a Novel UVA-LED-Activated Periodate Advanced Oxidation Process

In this study, novel light emitting diode (LED)-activated periodate (PI) advanced oxidation process (AOP) at an irradiation wavelength in the ultraviolet A range (UVA, UVA-LED/PI AOP) was developed and investigated using naproxen (NPX) as a model micropollutant. The UVA-LED/PI AOP remarkably enhanced the degradation of NPX and seven other selected micropollutants with the observed pseudo-first-order rate constants ranging from 0.069 ± 0.001 to 4.50 ± 0.145 min-1 at pH 7.0, demonstrating a broad-spectrum micropollutant degradation ability. Lines of evidence from experimental analysis and kinetic modeling confirmed that hydroxyl radical (•OH) and ozone (O3) were the dominant species generated in UVA-LED/PI AOP, and they contributed evenly to NPX degradation. Increasing the pH and irradiation wavelength negatively affected NPX degradation, and this could be well explained by the decreased quantum yield (ΦPI) of PI. The degradation kinetics of NPX by the UVA-LED/PI AOP in the presence of water matrices (i.e., chloride, bicarbonate, and humic acid) and in real waters were examined, and the underlying mechanisms were illustrated. A total of nine transformation products were identified from NPX oxidation by the UVA-LED/PI AOP, mainly via hydroxylation, dealkylation, and oxidation pathways. The UVA-LED/PI AOP proposed might be a promising technology for the treatment of micropollutants in aqueous solutions. The pivotal role of ΦPI during light photolysis of PI may guide the future design of light-assisted PI AOPs.