Anti-tumor effect and mechanisms of Timosaponin AIII across diverse cancer progression

Timosaponin AIII (TAIII), a steroidal saponin derived from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, has gained attention for its versatile therapeutic properties. While well-established for its anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and anticoagulant properties, emerging research highlights its potent anti-tumor capabilities. This review synthesizes recent findings on the intricate mechanisms and diverse functions of TAIII in cancer therapy, elucidating its impact on various tumor cells, encompassing the effects of TAIII on critical aspects of cancer progression, including metastasis, apoptosis, and autophagy. Additionally, the shared features of TAIII-induced anti-tumor activities, the factors contributing to the multifaceted anti-cancer activities of TAIII, and an exploration of the advantages and disadvantages associated with the regulation of multiple anti-tumor pathways by TAIII are discussed. Furthermore, the detailed regulation of signaling pathways is delineated and tailored to specific cancer types, providing a comprehensive overview of the potential development of TAIII as a promising anti-tumor agent.