Identification and the molecular mechanism of novel duck liver-derived anti-inflammatory peptides in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell model

In this study, 10 novel anti-inflammatory peptides were identified from duck liver, and their molecular mechanism was demonstrated based on machine learning and molecular docking. Using Sephadex G-15 gel chromatography separation, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography purification, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry identification, and Biopep database comparison, 10 novel anti-inflammatory peptides were initially found. Their splendid ACE inhibition and anti-inflammatory properties were confirmed by machine learning. With binding energies less than -5.0 kcal/mol, molecular docking revealed that they could efficiently bind to the active pockets of TNF-, IL-6, COX-2, and NF-B proteins with efficiency, indicating that the compounds can spontaneously form complexes through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions with the protein binding pockets. In the LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell model, the release of NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 and the mRNA expression of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, and NF-κB) were significantly inhibited by these peptides. We concluded it might be due to their anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the protein phosphorylation of IκBα in the cytoplasm and preventing the translocation of NF-κB p65 in the cytoplasm to the nucleus, thereby regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway. This study is essential for the screening of anti-inflammatory peptides and the investigation of the mechanism of action.