Polysaccharide-Based Nanoparticles Equipped with Glucose Oxidase for In Vivo Insulin Delivery

In the past decades, although insulin delivery systems have been widely developed for diabetes treatment, great efforts should still be devoted to enhancing the glucose sensitivity and biocompatibility. In this work, precise insulin release was facilitated by the development of polysaccharide-based nanoparticles that involved the dynamic cross-linking of phenylborate ester and the incorporation of glucose oxidase. These nanoparticles featured dual glucose-sensing components that promptly responded to changes in glucose levels, as observed through dynamic light scattering and cumulative insulin-release analyses. The assessment of blood glucose regulation in diabetic mice revealed that the polysaccharide-based nanoparticle system effectively maintained blood glucose levels within the normal range for up to 17 h, following a single administration. Furthermore, the nanoparticles demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, as evidenced by cytotoxicity assessment, hemolysis investigation, and histopathological examination. Therefore, the nanoparticle system holds potential as a subcutaneous insulin formulation, which is further researched.