Enhancing Spatial Resolution of Three‐Dimensional Pulse Waves Through Advanced Photometric Stereo Techniques

Three-dimensional pulse wave's morphologies are essential biomarkers for assessing cardiovascular functionality. However, existing methods only provide sparse amplitude representations, limiting their diagnostic potential. This study employs a photometric stereo approach to enhance the spatial resolution of pulse waves by capturing video footage of skin surface micro-vibrations induced by blood volume fluctuations in underlying arteries. This non-invasive imaging modality enables the reconstruction of three-dimensional pulse waves and enriches our understanding of their spatial and temporal characteristics. By visualizing and analyzing the captured data, we gained new insights into the physiological origins of the optical signals reflected from the skin surface and their dynamic features, which are critical for evaluating cardiovascular health. This study has potential to advance new biomarkers for cardiovascular function assessment and improve the accuracy of diagnostic tools.