Polar localization and local translation of RHO-RELATED PROTEIN FROM PLANTS2 mRNAs promote root hair growth in Arabidopsis

Abstract Root hairs are tip-growing cells that anchor plants in the soil and are critical for water uptake, nutrient acquisition, and plant–environment interactions. While the molecular mechanisms that maintain the polar growth of root hairs through the asymmetric distribution of proteins, such as RHO-RELATED PROTEIN FROM PLANTS 2 (ROP2), have been described, it is unclear whether and how the transcripts encoding these tip-localized proteins are polarly localized and locally translated. Here, we demonstrated that ROP2 mRNA exhibits polar localization in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root hairs. We showed that region VI (250–350 bp downstream of the stop codon) of the ROP2 3′ untranslated region (UTR) is necessary for proper mRNA localization. Moreover, region VI–mediated ROP2 mRNA polar localization was required for local translation of ROP2 transcripts, contributing to the proper subcellular localization of ROP2. Region III (100–200 bp downstream of the stop codon) influenced the local translation of ROP2 mRNA. Phenotypic investigations demonstrated that both regions III and VI of the ROP2 3′ UTR play crucial roles in modulating root hair growth. These findings help explain the local protein biosynthesis of ROP2, advancing our understanding of the regulatory mechanism and genetic basis of mRNA localization and local translation in plants.