Association of Physiological Reserve Obtained from Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing and Frailty with All-Cause Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients

Potential impairment of exercise capacity is prevalent even in patients undergoing hemodialysis without frailty. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) can detect physiological reserves such as cardiopulmonary, muscle, and autonomic function. We hypothesized that these indices could accurately determine the prognosis of patients on hemodialysis and analyzed them based on their relationship to frailty.