Direct Visualization of the Dynamic Process of Epsilon Toxin on Hemolysis

Abstract Hemolysis is the process of rupturing erythrocytes (red blood cells) by forming nanopores on their membranes using hemolysins, which then impede membrane permeability. However, the self‐assembly process before the state of transmembrane pores and underlying mechanisms of conformational change are not fully understood. In this work, theoretical and experimental evidence of the pre‐pore morphology of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (ETX), a typical hemolysin, is provided using in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) complemented by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to detect the conformational distribution of different states in Mica. The AFM suggests that the ETX pore is formed in two stages: ETX monomers first attach to the membrane and form a pre‐pore in no special conditions required, which then undergo a conformational change to form a transmembrane pore at temperatures above the critical point in the presence of receptors. The authors’ MD simulations reveal that initial nucleation occurs when specific amino acids adsorb to negatively charged mica cavities. This work fills the knowledge gap in understanding the early stage of hemolysis and the oligomerization of hemolysins. Moreover, the newly identified pre‐pore of ETX holds promise as a candidate for nanopore applications.