Linkage Mapping and Genome-Wide Association Study Identified Two Peanut Late Leaf Spot Resistance Loci, PLLSR-1 and PLLSR-2, Using Nested Association Mapping

Identification of candidate genes and molecular markers for late leaf spot (LLS) disease resistance in peanut ( Arachis hypogaea) has been a focus of molecular breeding for the U.S. industry-funded peanut genome project. Efforts have been hindered by limited mapping resolution due to low levels of genetic recombination and marker density available in traditional biparental mapping populations. To address this, a multi-parental nested association mapping population has been genotyped with the peanut 58K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and phenotyped for LLS severity in the field for 3 years. Joint linkage-based quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping identified nine QTLs for LLS resistance with significant phenotypic variance explained up to 47.7%. A genome-wide association study identified 13 SNPs consistently associated with LLS resistance. Two genomic regions harboring the consistent QTLs and SNPs were identified from 1,336 to 1,520 kb (184 kb) on chromosome B02 and from 1,026.9 to 1,793.2 kb (767 kb) on chromosome B03, designated as peanut LLS resistance loci, PLLSR-1 and PLLSR-2, respectively. PLLSR-1 contains 10 nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat disease resistance genes. A nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat disease resistance gene, Arahy.VKVT6A, was also identified on homoeologous chromosome A02. PLLSR-2 contains five significant SNPs associated with five different genes encoding callose synthase, pollen defective in guidance protein, pentatricopeptide repeat, acyl-activating enzyme, and C2 GRAM domains-containing protein. This study highlights the power of multi-parent populations such as nested association mapping for genetic mapping and marker-trait association studies in peanuts. Validation of these two LLS resistance loci will be needed for marker-assisted breeding.