Simulation-guided development of advanced PID control algorithm for skin cooling in radiofrequency lipolysis

The clinical outcomes of bipolar radiofrequency (RF) lipolysis, a prevalent non-invasive fat reduction procedure, hinge on the delicate balance between effective lipolysis and patient safety, with skin overheating and subsequent tissue damage as primary concerns.This study aimed to investigate a novel bipolar radiofrequency lipolysis technique, safeguarding the skin through an innovative PID temperature control algorithm.Utilizing COMSOL Multiphysics simulation software, a two-dimensional fat and skin tissue model was established, simulating various PID temperature control schemes. The crux of the simulation involved a comparative analysis of different PID temperatures at 45 °C, 50 °C, and 55 °C and constant power strategies, assessing their implications on skin temperature. Concurrently, a custom bipolar radiofrequency lipolysis device was developed, with ex vivo experiments conducted using porcine tissue for empirical validation.The findings indicated that with PID settings of Kp = 7, Ki = 2, and Kd = 0, and skin temperature control at 45 °C or 50 °C, the innovative PID-based epidermal temperature control strategy successfully maintained the epidermal temperature within a safe range. This maintenance was achieved without compromising the effectiveness of RF lipolysis, significantly reducing the risk of thermal damage to the skin layers.Our research confirms the substantial practical utility of this advanced PID-based bipolar RF lipolysis technique in clinical aesthetic procedures, enhancing patient safety during adipose tissue ablation therapies.